Is a person liable for the crimes ordered by an abusive spouse?

Activity 2: Digging Deeper: Is a person liable for the crimes ordered by an abusive spouse?

Is a person liable for the crimes ordered by an abusive spouse?

Case: People v. G. M.

Court: City of New York, Criminal Court. Citation: 922 N.Y.S.2d 761
Year: 2011
Opinion by: Judge Toko Serita

Introduction

During a five-month span, from September 1997 through January 1998, defendant G. M. was arrested on six separate occasions, twice each for prostitution, criminal trespass and drug possession. As a result of the guilty pleas taken in each of these cases, she was ultimately convicted of two violations and four class B misdemeanors. The defendant now moves to vacate these convictions pursuant to Criminal Procedure Law § 440.10 on the grounds that, among other things, she was a trafficking victim at the time these offenses occurred. On April 1, 2011, this court issued an oral ruling granting the defendant’s motion to vacate the convictions and dismissing the accusatory instruments, indicating that a written decision would follow.

Factual Background

In 1989, the defendant, a native of the Dominican Republic, met D. S. while on a tourist visa to the United States. The defendant decided to stay in the United States with D. S., in part, to earn money for her two children who were still living in the Dominican Republic. In 1994, the couple married. Soon thereafter, the relationship took a turn for the worse as D. S. began to physically abuse the defendant, something which had never happened before the marriage. As a result of this abuse, the defendant returned to the Dominican Republic later that year.

In early 1996, D. S. went to the Dominican Republic and begged the defendant to move back with him to New York, promising to find her a good job and to help her with her immigration status. She decided to do so “in the hope that it would improve my life and the lives of my children” (affidavit of G. M. at 2). Upon her return to New York, the defendant discovered that her husband was addicted to crack cocaine. The abuse resumed, and was often more severe when he was under the influence of drugs.

The continued violence at times resulted in visits to the hospital and left the defendant scarred and disfigured. D. S. also raped her when he was high on crack cocaine and imprisoned her against her will, sometimes for an entire weekend. He succeeded in completely isolating her from others and exerted control over almost every aspect of her life, taking all the income she earned working at various jobs. He exercised complete control over her, physically and psychologically, such that her “every move was tracked by [D. S.]” and she was not “allowed” to leave the room or apartment without him. He would often drop her off and pick her up from her jobs, waiting in a car parked outside to make sure she did not go somewhere else.

Human Trafficking  

It was during this period of abuse that the defendant was arrested on six separate occasions. From September 1997 through January 1998, defendant was arrested twice for prostitution (Penal Law § 230.00), twice for criminal trespass in the third degree (Penal Law § 140.10), and twice for criminal possession of a controlled substance in the seventh degree (Penal Law § 220.03), all misdemeanor offenses. The defendant pleaded guilty on each of these cases, often at arraignments, resulting in two noncriminal convictions for disorderly conduct, a violation, and four Class B misdemeanor convictions.

According to the defendant’s affidavit, D. S. forced her to engage in these illegal activities, including prostitution, upon threat of physical harm or actual violence if she did not comply. She was also forced to purchase crack cocaine for her husband because D. S. feared getting arrested himself. If she refused to comply with any of his demands, he would threaten to kill her or harm her children in the Dominican Republic. D. S. would drive the defendant to brothels and wait inside his car while he made her do his bidding. If she did not earn enough money for him, he would become angry and violent. The defendant was never allowed to keep any of the money she earned. “[D. S.] would pay for my food, clothes, and everything else. He would not give me money for my own necessities.”

In 2003, the defendant tried unsuccessfully to leave her abusive husband. That year, she escaped from him and returned to the Dominican Republic to be with her children, whom she had not seen in over eight years. He ultimately tracked her down and forced her to return by issuing threats to harm a close family friend. When she returned to New York City, she found that “nothing had changed. I just went back to the nightmare I was living. The beatings were even worse because [D. S.] was angry that I went to the Dominican Republic” (id.). The defendant’s ordeal ended in January 2005, when D. S. left one day and never returned. To date, the defendant does not know where he is and he has not attempted to contact her. The defendant eventually sought assistance from outside organizations to help her put her life back together, and in 2009, she received a “T Visa” (T-1 Nonimmigrant Classification Status), after proving to the federal government that she was a victim of human trafficking.

Yet despite the defendant’s status as a trafficking victim, her criminal record has created a severe hardship for her. For example, her job as a home health care attendant, which she held for approximately five years, was jeopardized when the Department of Health (DOH) did a background check on her and discovered her criminal convictions. As a result of this discovery, the defendant was first put on suspension by DOH in 2007 and then terminated. With the assistance of the Sex Workers Project of the Urban Justice Center, she was approved to work again after successfully contesting DOH’s decision. This process, however, took almost three years. The defendant now makes this application to clear her criminal record in part, because she will be otherwise vulnerable to having her background exposed to future employers, creating further embarrassment, humiliation and financial hardship.

Motion to Vacate a Conviction

The original basis for the defendant’s CPL article 440 motion, filed on June 3, 2010, was that the defendant, a non-English-speaking Dominican woman, took these pleas without the effective assistance of counsel, and that these pleas were neither knowing nor voluntary. During the pendency of this litigation, however, the New York State Legislature amended Criminal Procedure Law § 440.10, allowing the New York courts, for the first time, to vacate the convictions of those arrested for prostitution-related offenses if they were sex trafficking victims at the time of the arrest. After the passage of that amendment, in a supplemental motion dated August 24, 2010, the defendant moved this court to consider these new provisions as additional grounds for granting the article 440 motion.

On December 17, 2010, the Queens County District Attorney’s Office, represented by Assistant District Attorney Kimberly Affronti, the Deputy Bureau Chief of the Criminal Court, issued an oral response to the defendant’s application in which it stated:

“Your Honor, you know the People have spent a great deal of time reviewing all of the facts of this case. While every 440.10 motion is viewed on its own merit, this case was an exceptional case and the merits of the case were based totally on the People’s reliance on the defendant’s truthfulness of what she disclosed in the affidavit on May 13th as well as her interview on November 22nd. . . . The People are exercising discretion in this particular case, the People are not looking to expand the statute. This defendant was convicted of four crimes and two violations, only two of the crimes are covered by [this statute]. It is the People’s position that based on our reliance on the defendant’s truthfulness, the right thing to do is to consent to the defendant’s motion. Again, the People are stressing that we are not looking to expand the statute, this is not a case to refer to in future 440 motions. This case in no way sets a precedent for how the People will view other cases, nor do the People expect this decision to effect the defendant’s cases in any other county. Having said all of that your Honor, the People do consent to defense’s 440.10 motion.”

In a ruling from the bench on April 1, 2011, this court granted the defendant’s article 440 motion by vacating the judgment of conviction in each of the defendant’s six cases and dismissed all of the accusatory instruments.

Criminal Procedure Law Amendment   

In August 2010, the New York State Legislature amended Criminal Procedure Law § 440.10 to allow sex trafficking victims to vacate their convictions for prostitution-related offenses. Specifically, this new legislation allows for the vacatur of convictions where the underlying charge was for prostitution (Penal Law § 230.00) or loitering for the purpose of engaging in a prostitution offense (Penal Law § 240.37) and the defendant’s arrest on that charge “was a result of having been a victim of sex trafficking victim... “

[T]he defendant has provided a very compelling narrative of the circumstances surrounding all of her arrests, demonstrating that they were the product of years of brutal physical, psychological and sexual violence by her husband, which resulted in having been trafficked by him. While the defendant has moved to vacate all six convictions based on the provisions of the new amendment, and even though only two are prostitution offenses technically covered by the scope of CPL 440.10 (1) (i), this issue need not be addressed in the instant case because the People have consented to the defendant’s motion in its entirety. Based upon the unique circumstances presented here, this court concurs with the People’s position that all of the defendant’s convictions are entitled to the relief requested. Thus, under the provisions of the new amendment, this court “must vacate the judgment and dismiss the accusatory instrument.”

For the foregoing reasons, the defendant’s application to vacate the judgments of conviction on all six cases is granted and the accusatory instruments in these matters are dismissed.

QUESTIONS AND APPLICATIONS

1. Define and distinguish an excused crime from a justified crime.

2. Define and identify the elements of necessity.

3. Define and identify the elements of duress.

4. Identify whether necessity or duress is the better defense for each of the following scenarios and analyze the likelihood of the success of the defense.

Mabel and Steve are shopping. Steve drove to the mall because Mabel’s driver’s license was suspended for failure to renew it. While walking from a clothing store to UniqueBrewry to have lunch, Steve is shot by a drive-by shooter. With the assistance of other shoppers, Mabel is able to get Steve into their car and rushes him to the hospital. They arrive at the hospital safely, and Steve recovers after surgery. Mabel is charged with operating a motor vehicle on a public road without a driver’s license.

Lewei takes control of Guo’s bank account. Lewei tells Guo that if he doesn’t kill Irina, he will transfer all of the money in Guo’s account to an account Lewei has in the Cayman Islands. Having worked hard to save his money and because he is relying on the money in the account to retire, Guo acquiesces and kills Irina. Guo is charged with murder.

Kendra and Brian, a married couple, are on a walk. Three miles away from home, Kendra begins to have a diabetic insulin reaction. Brian concludes that Kendra needs sugar, immediately. There is a gas station with a small grocery nearby. He runs to the store, grabs a bottle of orange juice, and dashes to the checkout. At that moment, he realizes that he has no way to pay for the juice. He tells the employee what is happening and promises to pay for the item later. The employee refuses to let Brian have the juice, so he runs out of the store without paying for it. Brian is charged with theft.

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