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Missing Data
- Paul D. Allison - University of Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania, USA
Volume:
136
August 2001 | 104 pages | SAGE Publications, Inc
Sooner or later anyone who does statistical analysis runs into problems with missing data in which information for some variables is missing for some cases. Why is this a problem? Because most statistical methods presume that every case has information on all the variables to be included in the analysis. Using numerous examples and practical tips, this book offers a nontechnical explanation of the standard methods for missing data (such as listwise or casewise deletion) as well as two newer (and, better) methods, maximum likelihood and multiple imputation. Anyone who has been relying on ad-hoc methods that are statistically inefficient or biased will find this book a welcome and accessible solution to their problems with handling missing data.
Series Editor's Introduction
1. Introduction
2. Assumptions
Missing Completely at Random
Missing at Random
Ignorable
Nonignorable
3. Conventional Methods
Listwise Deletion
Pairwise Deletion
Dummy Variable Adjustment
Imputation
Summary
4. Maximum Likelihood
Review of Maximum Likelihood
ML With Missing Data
Contingency Table Data
Linear Models With Normally Distributed Data
The EM Algorithm
EM Example
Direct ML
Direct ML Example
Conclusion
5. Multiple Imputation: Bascis
Single Random Imputation
Multiple Random Imputation
Allowing for Random Variation in the Parameter Estimates
Multiple Imputation Under the Multivariate Normal Model
Data Augmentation for the Multivariate Normal Model
Convergence in Data Augmentation
Sequential Verses Parallel Chains of Data Augmentation
Using the Normal Model for Nonnormal or Categorical Data
Exploratory Analysis
MI Example 1
6. Multiple Imputation: Complications
Interactions and Nonlinearities in MI
Compatibility of the Imputation Model and the Analysis Model
Role of the Dependent Variable in Imputation
Using Additional Variables in the Imputation Process
Other Parametric Approaches to Multiple Imputation
Nonparametric and Partially Parametric Methods
Sequential Generalized Regression Models
Linear Hypothesis Tests and Likelihood Ratio Tests
MI Example 2
MI for Longitudinal and Other Clustered Data
MI Example 3
7. Nonignorable Missing Data
Two Classes of Models
Heckman's Model for Sample Selection Bias
ML Estimation With Pattern-Mixture Models
Multiple Imputation With Pattern-Mixture Models
8. Summary and Conclusion
Notes
References
About the Author
"…an excellent resource for researchers who are conducting multivariate statistical studies."
Journal of Mathematical Psychology
Sage College Publishing
